Sociolinguistics and Development of Israel’s Arab Minority

The objective of this report is to give a concise study regarding the Arab minority in Israel. It will trace some significant issues that have impacted the overall linguistic reality, nevertheless the marginalization of Arabs in that small but complex country. It will track the language policy adopted in that country, the educational, political,practical,social,ideological reasons that have lead to the Arabic status in Israel. Spolsky and shohamy(1999a:41)suggest an obvious difference among three things, language practices language ideology and language policy. Language practices are the actual use of linguistic repertoire, that is, the options among language varieties and languages accessible to a society. Language ideology is†¦show more content†¦As a result, this situation of Hebrew becoming the national language has created a linguistic and social dominance across all domains. This superstratum of Hebrew in Israel can be seen in most of the domains such as governmental departments and institutions, advertisements, the media, court procedures and education. This linguistic reality, has added to the negative social attitudes towards the Arabic minority, the economic status of a minority language is likely to be a key element in language vitality. Palestinians in Israel, who constitute an indigenous and national minority, are considered a minority of low socio-economic status (Smooha, 2005) this in return has created hegemony amongst the majority towards the Arab minority in the state of Israel (unit glossary) Furthermore, this linguistic reality, has enforced endogamy, where Arab Israelis, have to create state of affairs to maintain and develop the Arabic language by encouraging community activities such, literature events such as poetry, readings, and other literature competitions, further attention to elementary and secondary school in their towns and villages, and continuous discussions and debates regarding the Arabic language policy to further improve and relinquish its status.. The social reality mentioned above has contributed towards the negative economic, social and political status, which in return, has further marginalized and

Essay on The Theme of Innocence in The Catcher In the Rye

In many novels the title of the story is more important than most people initially think. It often reveals important information about the story. In The Catcher In the Rye, Holden says that his dream job would to be the catcher in rye. This is significant to the story because of how Holden feels that adults are trying to ruin the innocence of children, and how he can be the one that saves them. Holden then realizes he cannot always be the one to save the children. This is show throughout the book but especially in the scene where Holden takes Phoebe to the carousel.This shows that Holden wants to be the catcher in the rye so that he can help keep the children their innocence from adults. Almost everybody in the Catcher In the Rye gets†¦show more content†¦Thousands of little kids, and nobodys around - nobody big, I mean - except me. ( Salinger 224) It shows that in Holden ideal world is that he would be the oldest person one there, and he could be the one who saves them, no t an adult. Holden wishes that someone could have caught him. The person that Holden caught him is Allie. When Allie passes away the thing that Holden decides to save is Allies glove, which is used for catching. Even though Allie is dead Holden still acts like he is there to help. When Holden has this illusion that he will disappear when the turns the corner, he says, Allie, dont let me disappear, and when I reached the other side of the street without disappearing I would thank him. ( Salinger 257) This shows that Holden still asks Allie for help and imagines that he had him to help him, to catch him when he had problems. Holden wants to catch the children before they turn out to be like him, sad and depressed all the time. Holden tries to erase all problems for children that he faces. Holden soon realizes that he cannot keep the all the children safe all by himself. When he encounters the curse words on the staircase wall for the second time he again immediately tries to remo ve it. However, this time the vulgar terms are scratched on to the wall. Holden is not able to remove it, no matter how hard he tries. This shows that no matter how hard he tries in helping the children keep their innocence, he willShow MoreRelatedThe Theme Of Innocence In The Catcher In The Rye1222 Words   |  5 Pagesand lack of innocence on and off the camera. In this show young girls were depicted as acting like older, maturer, looking young women, who compete in beauty pageants. However, during this pageant stricken era, we have to realize that young childlike innocence has vanished. Although Holden Caulfield is a fictional character, he would not stand for these kinds of issues. Through Salinger’s use of symbolism and Holden’s views, he depicts the message of innocence. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s hypocriticalRead MoreTheme Of Innocence In Catcher In The Rye1046 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I’d just be a catcher in the rye and all. I know it’s crazy, but it’s the only thing I’d really like to be.†( Salinger 191)) In The Catcher in the Rye, a harrowed teenager named Holden Caulfield can’t accept the fact that everyone has to grow up. He believes that every adult in some way is corrupted in a sense. He also believes that children are the only genuine thing in the world due to their innocence and their purity. Salinger employs adult situations in Holden’s journey to emphasize that lossRead MoreTheme Of Innocence In Catcher In The Rye812 Words   |  4 Pagesas much as the prospect of remaining unhappy.† -Unknown. Innocence is something we all fall out of eventually, whether we like it or not, yet not all of us are ready to. The edge of innocence is something Holden, the main character, struggles with in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, and though there’s always trouble, he is still able to learn from these struggles and grow into a young adult. As Holden denies his own innocence, he tends to forget what he’s speaking about in the firstRead MoreLord Of The Flies, By William Golding And The Perks Of Being A Wallflower1087 Words   |  5 Pagessome of my most beloved. In my junior year, I read A Separate Peace by John Knowles for my AP U.S. History class while I read The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger over the summer. A Separate Peace explores the rivalry that can lie at the heart of many friendships and conveys the concept of individuality rather than conformity. Similarly, The Catcher in the Rye is the story of a teenage boy who despises the phoniness of society and fears becoming just another phony adult. Both novels share similarRead MorePreservation of Innocence In The Catcher in the Rye Essay545 Words   |  3 PagesThemes in literary works are central, recurring ideas or messages that allow us to understand more deeply about the characters. It is a perception about life or human nature that is often shar ed with the reader. In The Catcher in the Rye, there are several themes that can be found in the words and actions of the narrator, Holden Caulfield. The dominating theme in this novel is the preservation of innocence, especially of children. We can see this throughout the novel, as Holden strives to preserveRead More Catcher in the Rye Essay: Levels of Meaning902 Words   |  4 Pages Levels of Meaning in The Catcher in the Rye nbsp; Protected by a cocoon of naivetà ©, Holden Caulfield, the principal character in the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, therapeutically relates his lonely 24 hour stay in downtown New York city, experiencing the phony adult world while dealing with the death of his innocent younger brother.nbsp; Through this well-developed teenage character, JD Salinger, uses simple language and dialogue to outline many of the complex underlying problems hauntingRead MoreCatcher in the Rye vs Frankenstein Novel Study Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIndependent Novel Study In today’s world, innocence cannot be preserved forever. As humans age, they lose their innocence due to the corruption that exists in society. This is demonstrated in the two novels, Catcher in the Rye and Frankenstein. The two authors, J.D. Salinger and Mary Shelley prove this statement through their use of various literary devices. Key characters in both novels- Holden and the creature- learn through personal experiences that innocence cannot, in fact, be preserved foreverRead MoreHolden Caulfield and the Pressures of Society: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1286 Words   |  6 Pagesoften have a message or theme for the reader. Not only do authors use themes, but also well developed characters to bring a novel to life. In the bildungsroman, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, characterization is often found, especially regarding the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Salinger also includes many themes in his novel relating to growing up in a corrupt society. Hence, this paper will compare, contrast, and evaluate literary criticisms regarding the themes and characterizationRead MoreCatcher Rye And Perfect Day For Bananafish1562 Words   |  7 Pages The Catcher in The Rye and Perfect Day For Bananafish In â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†,by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield, a troubled 16 year old boy who constantly gets kicked out of every school takes it upon himself to become â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, in reality not being real occupation but an idea he chose to adopt for himself after he heard a little boy singing in the street. The catcher in the Rye can be described in Holden’s perspective as a person, almost like a hero that helps childrenRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesSalinger’s fictional novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ explores ideas of coming of age and challenging society’s morals through the life of Holden Caulfield, the young protagonist of the novel. The term ‘coming of age’ can be defined as when someone reaches an important stage in development and is accepted by a large number of people. The word ‘morals’ is concerned with the principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction of right and wrong. Themes such as innocence, isolation and youth reside in

Different Moods And Emotions Of Eastern Versus Western Managers

Question: Discuss about the Different Moods And Emotions Of Eastern Versus Western Managers. Answer: Introduction Cultural differences are becoming an important part of the training and education in the business organizations today. Businesses, brands, organizations, and markets are crossing over from national to international but the perceptions about the consumer behaviour and market demand are bound by the cultural differences affecting the marketing strategies of the organizations. The cross cultural differences in the consumers and markets are one of the main reasons behind the failure of many western brands and their products in the eastern markets. Firstly, this essay will examine and contrast the emotion and mood of a Western manager versus an Eastern manager using Hofstedes five dimensions of national culture of Individual versus collectivism. Secondly, this essay will examine and contrast the emotion and mood of a Western manager versus an Eastern manager using Hofstedes five dimensions of national culture of short term versus long term business relationship building. Thirdly, this essay will examine and contrast the emotion and mood of a Western manager versus an Eastern manager using Hofstedes five dimensions of national culture of low-risk high avoidance vs. high-risk low avoidance. Fourthly, this essay will examine and contrast the emotion and mood of a Western manager versus an Eastern manager using Hofstedes five dimensions of national culture of masculinity versus femininity behaviour traits. Fifthly, this essay will examine and contrast the emotion and mood of a Western manager versus an Eastern manager using Hofstedes five dimensions of national culture of merit versus seniority time distance performance of control. This essay will contrast the emotion, moods and behaviour traits of a western versus eastern manager with reference to Hofstedes Individualism versus collectivism, short term versus long term relationships building, masculinity versus femininity behaviour traits, low-risk high avoidance vs. high-risk low avoidance. Hofstedes Individualism versus collectivism: Western vs. Eastern Managers (Minkov, Hofstede, 2012), states that the western culture refers to the societies of countries like America, Australia, and Western Europe, whose history and culture has been strongly influenced by the Western European countries. According to Hofstedes five dimension theory, the Western cultures are strongly individualistic. The people rely completely on their personal viewpoint to determine the course of their actions. The management style and the organizational cultures focus on contractual safeguards to ensure that each person will focus on his personal aspirations and career goals and not interfere with the other peoples goals and objectives. (Kastanakis, Voyer, 2014), state that the eastern culture generally refers to the countries of South-east Asia and the Oriental countries. The people in the eastern societies are generally group oriented and the societies are collective societies. The decision-making process in an organization is not based on any one persons goals but is taken keeping in mind the collective goals and objectives of the group or team or organizations. Any decision would be considered good if it benefits the entire organization and not a particular individual. The remunerations and rewards are also based on intrinsic values like diligence and quality. People rely more on mutual trust than any contractual obligations in their personal as well as professional dealings. (Dartey-Baah, 2013), argues that for an Australian manager, who has the western cultural mindset, an understanding of the Chinese collective culture is very important for success. For example, a simple gesture of awarding a bonus to a few members of the team and not all can be perceived negatively by the whole team and go against the Chinese values of harmony, humility, and cooperativeness. This could be embarrassing for the people not recognized by the management and result in low productivity and lower morale and could backfire on the management. Hofstedes short term versus long term relationships building: Western vs. Eastern Managers (Jariya, 2012), highlight that in Western cultures like Australia, the people and likewise the business managers have a short-term orientation. This basically indicates that the society is very open to changes and there is a focus only on short-term goals and targets. This is visible in their corporate culture where the focus is only on short-term policies and people are recruited for to fulfil the immediate requirements of the organization. In such societies, the stress is on immediate rewards for work done. (Samaha, Beck, Palmatier, 2014), states that in the Eastern cultures like China, there is an emphasis on tradition and long-term commitment. The society as a whole and the organizations have a culture of strong work ethics, where people believe that any hard work today will reap much bigger benefits in the future and do not play a lot of emphasis on immediate rewards. The society is much more static with a conventional mentality in work and life and changes are not accepted easily and rapidly. (De Mooij, Hofstede, 2010), state that for an Australian manger working in china, it is very important to embrace the traditional mindset of the people and the organizations. While in Australia it is common for the employees to change their organizations and even their careers many times during their life, in China employee turnover is very low in the organizations and firing people is very uncommon. Chinese people adhere to a conventional job-for-life concept and an Australian manager should keep this sensitivity in mind. Therefore, instead of hiring more qualified workers and firing the old staff, the better approach would be to organize skill development workshops and programs for the existing staff and strive for a balance between the organizational requirements and the cultural makeup of the employees. Hofstedes masculinity versus femininity behaviour traits: Western vs. Eastern Managers (Elena, 2010), highlights that Australia and many other western cultures are more masculine in their societal attributes. That means there is a preference for values like ambition, assertiveness, power, and achievements rather than tender values like compassion and quality of life. Similarly, the gender roles are also more distinct with men assuming the tougher characteristics and focus more on material successes. And women take on the tender values and focus more on the quality of life. (Naor, Linderman, Schroeder, 2010), states that in the eastern cultures like China, the culture is more inclined towards the feminine attributes. Both men and women have overlapping roles. People care more about the quality of life, nurturance, compassion, and service and these tender traits are embraced equally by men and women both. People are generally not very aggressive when it comes to material success. (Ogbuigwe, 2013), states that the western managers or Australian managers have a very task oriented approach and believe in the most direct way of dealing with a task in hand and give very little importance to interpersonal relationships in the workplace. But to work well in the domains of the Chinese culture and organizations they will have to place an equal emphasis on building good interpersonal and social relations, which is a dominant aspect of the work culture in feminine societies. For example, the Australian managers find it very difficult to understand the way Chinese managers resolve the organizational conflicts. The Chinese unlike the Australian managers do not like to confront anyone or tackle any issue directly but believe in compromise and negotiations to solve any problems, which is an accepted trait of managers from feminine societies. Hofstedes low-risk high avoidance vs. high-risk low avoidance: Western vs. Eastern Managers (Parrish, Linder-VanBerschot, 2010), highlight that people in the Western cultures have a high risk taking capacity and therefore they have a lower uncertainty avoidance tendency. Such cultures promote individual freedom and choice and also promote creativity in work and life. People are flexible and comfortable working in unstructured situations. People in the eastern cultures have a low risk and high avoidance tendencies. People have a tendency to take less risky decisions regarding their professional and personal lives. People in such cultures are passive and not very open to change and therefore do not like to voice opinions or take much initiative in the workplace. (Khairullah, Khairullah, 2013), states that for the Australian managers dealing with the Chinese organizational culture this is one very important aspect to consider. The decisions in the organizations are taken keeping in mind harmony and everyones cooperation in the organization. Employees are not very flexible when adapting new thinking and methodologies and any change has to be based on a strong consensus. Similarly, innovation in processes is not much favoured as work culture is based on standardized procedures and delineated structures. (De Mooij, 2013) says that therefore, an Australian manager will have to keep the cultural sensitivities in mind while bringing about any change in the organizational structure and practices. For example, promotional policies in Chinese organization are designed keeping in mind the age and seniority in the organization and is not performance oriented. Conclusion The working of the minds of the Chinese people reflects in their organizational culture and business practices as well. The Chinese cultural values are based on the Confucian philosophy and this reflects in their decision-making processes at all levels. Therefore, the first challenge for the western or Australian managers to succeed in China is to develop an understanding of the importance collectiveness and cooperation in the working of the Chinese organizations. The managers have to devise policies that will help the employees perform as a group and not lay stress on individual performance as a motivational factor. The second challenge that a western or an Australian manager faces is to understand the importance of social interactions at work and building long-term relationships and bonds with the employees in the organization which goes beyond the professional working relationship. The third challenge for a western manager is to understand that Chinese do not favor direct confrontation methods while solving any problem or situation. The manager will have to develop strong negotiation skills and try to maintain a harmonious atmosphere while trying to solve any organizational issue. The fourth challenge that an Australian manager will have to face is the peoples aversion to change and not very flexible attitude. Any change that he wants to introduce has to be done gradually explaining the process to all the employees and gradually building a consensus for the decision. However, the change has to be for the benefit of all and not individual oriented benefit. References: Dartey-Baah, K. (2013). The cultural approach to the management of the international human resource: An analysis of Hofstedes cultural dimensions.International Journal of Business Administration,Volume 4, Issue 2, pp. 39. Retrieved from: https://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/ijba/article/view/2581 De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Retrieved From: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=YbGNAQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Global+marketing+and+advertising:+Understanding+cultural+paradoxes.ots=_CR1mOfffEsig=R7Tk8bxWh0arnIcMO39I4qCGTuA#v=onepageq=Global%20marketing%20and%20advertising%3A%20Understanding%20cultural%20paradoxes.f=false De Mooij, M., Hofstede, G. (2010). The Hofstede model: Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research.International Journal of Advertising,Volume 29, Issue 1, pp. 85-110. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2501/S026504870920104X Elena, R. D. (2010). Cultural differences in project management.Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica,Volume 12, Issue 2, pp. 657. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/87b39721b9fa78646948924f666b9615/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=276234 Jariya, A. I. (2012). Western cultural values and its implications on management practices.South East Asian Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law,Volume 1, pp. 61-70. Retrieved from: https://seajbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Western-Cultural-Values-And-Its-Implications-On-Management-Practices-A.M.-Inun-Jariya.pdf Kastanakis, M. N., Voyer, B. G. (2014). The effect of culture on perception and cognition: A conceptual framework.Journal of Business Research,Volume 67, Issue 4, pp. 425-433. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296313001227 Khairullah, D. H., Khairullah, Z. Y. (2013). Cultural values and decision-making in China.International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology,Volume 3, Issue 2, pp. 1-12. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9b19/f9fcd403ae3b264486b0ddb39912887620cf.pdf Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2012). Is national culture a meaningful concept? Cultural values delineate homogeneous national clusters of in-country regions.Cross-Cultural Research,Volume 46, Issue 2, pp. 133-159. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1069397111427262 Naor, M., Linderman, K., Schroeder, R. (2010). The globalization of operations in Eastern and Western countries: Unpacking the relationship between national and organizational culture and its impact on manufacturing performance.Journal of operations management,Volume 28, Issue 3, pp. 194-205. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272696309000801 Ogbuigwe, T. D. (2013). Understanding International Business in the context of cultural Lenses.IOSR Journal of Business and Management,Volume 10, Issue 5, pp. 35-44. Retrieved from: https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32138244/F01053544.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1503051270Signature=2HqI9dtT2IwzrtdKltRI5BrIowM%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DUnderstanding_International_Business_in.pdf Parrish, P., Linder-VanBerschot, J. (2010). Cultural dimensions of learning: Addressing the challenges of multicultural instruction.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 1-19. Retrieved from:https://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/809/1497?__hstc=124373589.c5fa66f46c99ee3447b2ca4d5fba5f3f.1472428800118.1472428800120.1472428800121.2__hssc=124373589.1.1472428800121__hsfp=1773666937 Samaha, S. A., Beck, J. T., Palmatier, R. W. (2014). The role of culture in international relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,Volume 78, Issue 5, pp. 78-98. Retrieved from: https://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jm.13.0185?code=amma-site

International Business for Geopolitical Factors - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business for Geopolitical Factors. Answer: Various drivers are being involved in initiation of the trade agreements between the countries. According to the various theories, there are two types of drivers namely, top down and bottom up. Top down refers to the geopolitical factors which influence the promotion of trade agreements. It includes the political intention among the countries. Geopolitical factors influence in the promotion of trade agreements when there is mutual benefits which can be gained by the countries from one another (Cohen, 2014). I also believe that business intention is not only the driver for the geopolitical trade agreements but also the strategic intention plays an important role. Strategic agreements among the countries help in creating common bloc which enables them in having more influence in the global political scenario. On the other hand, bottom up drivers includes the various business stakeholders and market factors which influence the creation of the trading bloc. According to Flemes and Wehner, countries involve in the strategic agreements to equal the balance in the global politics along with promoting and enhancing business through the agreements (Flemes Wehner, 2015). According to him, various countries in South America create trade bloc to undermine the power hood of big powers such as Brazil. On the other hand various other authors are given the opinion that market factors also play an important role in influencing the trade agreements. According to Dr, Baccini, Elsig, trade agreements are also influenced by marketing factors such as the customer demands, competitive advantage of the countries and the international business policies of the organizations (Nikfarjam Zarifi, 2015). Therefore, I believe that if a country is having market demand for a certain product and it is ever increasing provided that the resources are limited, the only option remained for them is to go for a trade agreement with another country having adequate resour ces. Thus, in this case, trade agreement will help in optimal utilization of the resources of country B along with meeting the market demand of country A. According to me, another marketing factor which has huge impact on the trade agreement is the aspects of international business. Contemporary business organizations enter in the global market in order to increase their market share and global competitiveness. Thus, the first preference for them is to enter the countries where the potentiality for their business will be higher. Accordingly, the home and host countries come in to the trade agreements to initiate effective business transaction among the participating countries. According to Gantz, regional trade agreements are being initiated according to the needs and requirements of the market for a particular region (Gantz, 2012). For instance, SAARC was being formed to gain the mutual understanding between the countries in south Asia. The countries in South Asia are more or less similar in terms of the market scenario (Noronha et al., 2012). Thus, this type of regional agreements helps in enhancing the free flow of the business tran sactions among the countries in the particular regions. Thus, having analyzed the various drivers for trade agreements, it can be concluded that the marketing factors are more influential drivers than the top down factors in initiating the trade agreements. According to me, the primary motive or objective of the trade agreement is to enhance the business scenario among the participating countries. I believe that the political intension of the countries play a secondary role in influencing the trade agreements. On the other hand, marketing factors plays the primary role due to the reason that strategic aspect for the countries comes as a secondary options. Trade agreements help to promote the optimal business transactions among the countries which may enhance the political environment for the particular region. Thus, countries should consider the marketing and business aspects in promoting the trade agreements with other countries. It will help to enhance the business environment in the particular region which will eventually enables to cr eate a strategic relationship among the countries. Reference Cohen, S. B. (2014).Geopolitics: the geography of international relations. Rowman Littlefield. Dr, A., Baccini, L., Elsig, M. (2014). The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset.The Review of International Organizations,9(3), 353-375. Flemes, D., Wehner, L. (2015). Drivers of strategic contestation: The case of South America.International Politics,52(2), 163-177. Gantz, D. A. (2012). Regional trade agreements. InThe Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law. Oxford University Press. Nikfarjam, A., Zarifi, S. (2015). Exploring the effects of entrepreneurial marketing factors on SMEs.Uncertain Supply Chain Management,3(4), 333-338. Noronha, V., Tsomo, U., Jamshed, A., Hai, M. A., Wattegama, S., Baral, R. P., ... Prabhash, K. (2012). A fresh look at oncology facts on south central Asia and SAARC countries.South Asian journal of cancer,1(1), 1.